Salient features and classification of plants into major groups – Algae, Bryophyta, Pteridophyta, Gymnospermae and Angiospermae. What is living? Biodiversity Need for classification three domains of life taxonomy and systematics concept of species and taxonomical hierarchy binomial nomenclature and tools for study of taxonomy.įive kingdom classification Salient features and classification of Monera, Protista and Fungi into major groups: Lichens, Viruses and Viroids. In addition to following, general understanding of Science topics studied till Class 10 and Mathematics topics studied till Class 12 is expected. International Olympiad on Astronomy and Astrophysics It must be noted that questions and problems in Olympiad examinations (NSEs and INOs), while circumscribed by syllabi given below, are usually non-conventional and of high difficulty level, sometimes comparable to the international Olympiads. For all subjects, topics covered in the syllabi of lower classes are included as well.ĭetailed syllabus of each subject are given in specific tabs.The syllabus for the National Standard Examination in Junior Science (NSEJS) and the Indian National Junior Science Olympiad (INJSO) is broadly equivalent to the secondary level (up to and including Class 10 of Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE)) in Science and Mathematics.The syllabus for the National Standard Examination in Astronomy (NSEA) and the Indian National Astronomy Olympiad (INAO) is similar, with greater emphasis on Physics, Mathematics and elementary Astronomy.The syllabi for the National Standard Examination (NSE) and the Indian National Olympiad (INO) in Physics, Chemistry, and Biology (NSEP and INPhO, NSEC and INChO, NSEB and INBO, respectively) are broadly equivalent to the senior secondary level (up to and including Class 12 of Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE)) in respective subjects knowledge of Mathematics up to the same level is expected as well.Rietveld peak fitting XRD cellulose crystallinity rationality reproducibility.Syllabus for National Standard Examination and Indian National Olympiad in Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Astronomy and Junior Science At the same time, the optimized fitting method is adopted to calculate the content of cellulose I and II, which can be used to guide the selection of alkali concentration and alkali treatment time in the spinning process of native cellulose. Moreover, the reproducibility and precision of the crystallinity of three kinds of natural cellulose are tested under the optimized conditions. Then, three evaluation indexes (Rwp, FWHM, and RSD) are used to evaluate the rationality of crystallinity calculation results. Through limiting the convergence conditions of fitting functions, we firstly discuss the effects of peak shape functions, scanning range, and the positions of amorphous peaks on crystallinity determination, which helps to reduce the randomness of XRD in solving crystallinity of cellulose and improve the precision of calculation. Due to the special crystal structure of natural cellulose and the characteristics of crystallinity determination by peak separation method, the XRD Rietveld fitting method is adopted to determine the crystallinity of native cellulose. Therefore, when calculating the crystallinity of natural cellulose by fitting the peaks, only relying on the single evaluation factor of Rwp (R-weighted Pattern) may lead to great randomicity of calculation results. The diffraction peaks of the crystalline phase largely coincide with those of the amorphous phase of cellulose, leading to the low resolution. Full width at half maximum (FWHM) of diffraction peaks of native cellulose is larger than 1°.
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